Pupils needing extra support

Should be guided in taking specific group roles (e.g. holding the balloon steady or preparing strips) so they can actively contribute; could pre-watch the Pupil video: Making a helmet shell structure before the lesson or watch it on a loop during the lesson, with adult guidance to focus on how the paper changes as it layers and hardens, helping them connect the process to the success criteria; could use pre-torn strips of paper to reduce time on preparation and focus on layering; could be asked to think about what is happening to the paper while watching the video.

Pupils working at greater depth

Should systematically layer strips to achieve even coverage and identify areas needing extra layers, then justify where and why extra reinforcement is needed; should evaluate the layering process by pinpointing weak points and suggesting improvements to make the structure stronger; could inflate balloons independently to experiment with different helmet sizes or shapes to suit the intended user.